The benefits and drawbacks of digitalisation in educational sector Essay

The benefits and drawbacks of digitalisation in educational sector - Essay Example Some of these changes are positive whereas others are negative. This paper analyses the literature available through secondary research to know more about the benefits and drawbacks of information communication technology or digitalization in educational sector. Benefits of Digitalisation in Educational Sector Computer based technologies are normally used at the current educational sector which help the students and teachers to communicate and share information digitally. Word processing software like Microsoft Word and spread sheets like Microsoft Excel helps students immensely in creating instant documents and solving problems. Spelling checkers, dictionaries and readymade computer programs are available nowadays for corrections and calculations. Presentation software like Microsoft PowerPoint helps both teachers and students to express their views in a clear manner so that the mutual communication between the teacher and the students could be improved. Databases like Oracle, MS Ac cess etc help teachers to maintain digital records of students in a structured manner. In short, most of the curriculum functions are heavily dependent on the information communication technology at present. Internal and external networks like Local Area network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) are used specifically by schools and colleges to communicate each other. Interactive digital television (iDTV), as a relatively easy way to use technology, brings many challenges and opportunities into the field of education, i.e. formation and utilization of learning via TV, called t-learning. T-learning has many characteristics (i.e. technological or pedagogical aspects) that differentiate this type of education from other well elaborated... There are many drawbacks also associated with the digitalization of educational sector. Digitalization is an expensive act for educational sector. This paper outlines the problem of global digitalisation. This research is necessary to know more about the merits and demerits of digitalization in educational sector.The digital technology incorporated in educational sector should be user friendly. Otherwise teachers and students may stay away from it. Younger generation adapts more easily with the digitalization process in educational sector than the older generation. The world is getting digitalized more and more as time goes on. The introductions of computers, televisions, mobile phones and internet have created a digital culture which affects every segment of human life at present. The difference in culture between the current world and the world couple of decades before can be identified easily. It should be noted that the communication technologies a couple decades before was depen dent on analogue technology whereas it is heavily dependent on digital technologies at present.Creation of media rich environment in schools and homes is another advantage of digitalization of educational sector. Media plays a vital role in enhancing the quality of education. Students get substantial knowledge from media while they watch educational programs. Internet, email, televisions, tablets and mobile phones help students immensely in acquiring proper knowledge in their educational topics.

The Theme of Poverty in Cannery Row Essay Example for Free

The Theme of Poverty in Cannery Row Essay Poverty is an important theme in John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row.   Set in the 1920s during the Great Depression, poverty is an overarching aspect of life in the down-and-out community of Cannery Row.   A backdrop for the book, Cannery Row is a place where poverty affects everyone and everything.   In spite of ever-present poverty, the people of Cannery Row make do with what little they have.   This brief essay will discuss the role that poverty plays in Cannery Row and conclude with important lessons John Steinbeck offers regarding poverty and human nature. Cannery Row is a rundown coastal community in California, beset by poverty and decay.   Accordingly â€Å"its inhabitants are, as the man once said, ‘whores, pimps, gamblers, and sons of bitches’, by which he meant Everybody.† (Steinbeck 1)   Described as a foul-smelling strip of land opposite the sardine fishery, the inhabitants of Cannery Row make do with what little they have and work together, despite their impoverished existence. Although the characters of Cannery Row may not have material possessions, they work together and live in relative harmony.   The neighborhood grocer, Lee Chong, is relatively wealthy when compared to the other characters in Cannery Row, and he extends credit to the people of this rundown community, understanding that they do not always have the means to always pay for their purchases. Although not obvious at first sight, Lee Chong is a generous man and â€Å"over the course of the years everyone†¦owed him money. He never pressed his clients.† (Steinbeck 3)   Despite the poverty of Cannery Row, Lee extends credit to all.  Ã‚   Accordingly, â€Å"No one is really sure whether Lee ever receives any of the money he is owed or if his wealth consisted entirely of unpaid debts, but he lives comfortably and does legitimate business in the Row (Steinbeck 43).   He doesn’t hassle his debtors and is content to sit back and wait for payment.   His generosity even extends to helping Mack and the boys fund a home. Mack and the boys are â€Å"bums†: homeless men without wives, families or jobs.   Despite their position as outcasts and social undesirables, Mack and his boys are content with their social situation and are not angry about their impoverished lives.  Ã‚   In fact, their total lack of financial resources does not inhibit their ability to plan something nice for their friend Doc or enthusiastically set up shop in Lee Chong’s storage shed, ironically renamed The Palace Flophouse and Grill. Mack is a good man at heart and his intentions are generally good but he also prone to lying, stealing and deceiving.   An important example of this is when Mack and the boys discover that their new car does not have a proper license plate, they hung a rag permanently and accidentally on the rear plate to hide its vintage and also dabbed the front plate with good, thick mud in an effort to deceive the unsuspecting police (J.C.R. 526) Vice and poverty also seem to go hand-in-hand in Cannery Row.   Prostitution is presented in the novel as being situated around the Bear Flag, the neighborhood brothel where prostitution reigns supreme.   Dora’s girls, as they are affectionately called, work in a business which is universally described as sinful and where they would generally be perceived as social outcasts.   Despite their current position in life, they, along with Dora, are important members of the Cannery Row community and step into to act as nursemaids and feed members of the neighborhood when sickness strikes.   The people of Cannery Row work together when the going gets tough, as shown when Phyllis Mae and Dora’s other prostitutes band together during the influenza epidemic. Steinbeck leaves us with some important lessons, particularly with regards to wealth and human nature.   Despite the fact that the characters are unrefined, perceived of as outcasts and they exist in desperate poverty, the people of Cannery Row work to help one another. Camaraderie is an important theme established by Steinbeck.   Even if their plans do not actually materialize and they do not have all the money in the world to carry out their grandiose projects, the people of Cannery Row try to help each other and are motivated by goodness and not greed.   They may not have a lot but they make do with what they have.   Although materially quite poor, the residents of Cannery Row share a common humanity and a richness which cannot be bought. Works Cited Camp, C. L. â€Å"Reviewed work: Cannery Row by John Steinbeck†.   California Folklore Quarterly. 4: 2 (Apr., 1945): 203-204. C. R. â€Å"Review.† The Kenyon Review. 7:3 (Summer, 1945): 526-527. Levant, Howard. Tortilla Flat: The Shape of John Steinbecks Career†.   PMLA, 85:5 (Oct., 1970): 1087-1095. Steinbeck, John.   Cannery   Row.   New York: Penguin, 1993.

Urinary Fluid Electrolytes Essay -- Health, Hearth Disease

A 60 years old man was admitted into the hospital with congestive heart failure and a history of heart disease. Heart failure lead to this patients potentially fatal diagnosis of pulmonary and peripheral edema. The heart actively works as a double pump meaning that each side could independently fail. When the heart starts to fail, a reduced renal perfusion and sympathetic activation to the kidneys stimulate the release of renin. Renin will cleave on to angiotensinogen to create angiotensin I. Angiotensin I then travels through the lungs where the enzyme ACE cleaves off two amino acids to form angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone will increase the renal reabsorption of sodium and water. The increased volume can be deleterious leading to pulmonary and peripheral edema (Klabunde, PhD. 2007). When the left side of the heart fails pulmonary edema occurs. As the heart fails, the blood vessels become engorged with blood and pressure increases in the lung capillaries pushing fluid into the alveoli and lung tissue. As a result oxygen is unable to move as it typically would, causing a shortness in breath (Heller MD, 2009). If this was left untreated the patient may suffocate. The patient is also suffering from peripheral edema this is usually due to the right side of the heart failing. Once the right side of the heart fails, it can no longer effectively pump oxygenated blood through the capillaries. Blood then begins to stagnate in the bodies organs and fluid gets pushed into interstitial tissue (Marieb, 2010). Swelling generally occurs in the lower extremities and can cause permanent nerve damage if untreated. The patient was administered a potent loop diuretic to treat his edema, furosemide... ...opment of hepatic encephalopathy to worsen (Seifter, 2007). Hyperaldosteronism has also been associated with hypokalemia leading to renal cystic disease. Cysts begin to appear in the collecting duct epithelium leading to interstitial fibrosis. The cause of these cysts are unknown however ammoniagenesis seems play a role (Seifter, 2007). Furthermore, increased urination or polyuria is another complication. Increased thirst from the increase of angiotensin II also acts on the thirst center in the hypothalamus (Crumley, 2009). This is a mild form of diabetes insipidus. In conclusion, loop diuretics should be used with extreme caution when treating patients with congestive heart failure. Electrolytes test should be run frequently while on this medication. If this patient wouldn’t have come in his conditions could have worsened resulting in a life threatening situation.

true colors essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am a lucky person. I was raised by a very caring pair of parents with three very good siblings in an extremely affluent town. I attended the best grammar and high schools in the state, continued on to graduate from one of the best universities in the world, and had no idea what to do next. My drive to excel was both internal and external—I really do love success, but I was equally pressured by outside sources to succeed. The advantages I was given served both to help me start ahead of others and stay ahead in life, and to cripple me once I had traveled through those first two decade’s worth of rites of passage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have long known that having so many opportunities had simply paralyzed my ability to pick one of them. While I know that my grade school friends were raised in the same environment as I, I have always wondered why they dove quickly and headfirst into their careers while I spent a decade trying to make up my mind. This introductory psychology course is the final prerequisite course I take before I begin medical school in less than one month. While I would have liked to have made this career decision ten years ago, I am glad to have experienced and learned all that I have in my life, for those experiences serve to solidify my resolve in having chosen my future career. Fortunately (and unexpectedly), Carolyn Kalil’s book has helped me to understand myself and my decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am GREEN. Very green. Actually, my girlfriend stated that I am â€Å"anti-blue†. She is probably right. I am rational, logical, love to find, diagnose and solve problems, and I love debate. My original plan in life was to become a lawyer. I took the LSAT in my senior year of college, was accepted almost everywhere I wanted to go, but at the last minute â€Å"freaked† that I was making the wrong decision. My fear was two-fold: was I making a rash decision, and would a career as an attorney allow adequate mental stimulation? I chose not to attend, instead embarking on a very different path for the next ten years. My gold traits are very strong, though not as much as my green traits. My gold tendencies are loyalty, need for efficiency and responsibility. The description of the gold traits seemed to fit me quite well, but the green traits are very overwhelmingly Me. I suppose were I somehow to acquire ... ... knowing how I feel in a given scenario. Furthermore, she has helped me to be considerably less frustrated by â€Å"stupid† people. She has taught me to accept that other people have different motivations, opinions and abilities and that mine should be mine and their’s should be their’s. It will be very interesting over the following days and weeks and months as I try to identify the colors for those around me. This will be in part to satisfy my green needs (diagnose and problem solve) and partly to help me interact with the other people of different â€Å"colors† in my life. That is probably the most useful aspect of this book—understanding our interactions with those closest to us. I will try to no longer become frustrated with blues, instead embrace their differing abilities and how they might complement my own. I will try to compete with the oranges, not against them. And I will try not to force the golds in my life to quickly adopt and adapt to my world views. I guess all that remains now is forcing all of those colors around me to read this book so none will be offended when I call them a color. Kalil, Carolyn, Find Your True Colors to the Work You Love, Riverside, California, 1998.

Native American Culture Facts

SYNDICATE 7 } } Bottlenecks in the processing system at RP1 Excessive truck-waiting time and costs annoying the berry growers Excessive labour costs Poor berry grading system } } Wet Berries 58% System throughput rate : 1200 bbls/hr Wet Berries 70% System throughput rate : 1050 bbls/hr Wet Berries 70%, with a Dryer? System throughput rate : 1200 bbls/hr 3500 3000 2500 Berries (bbls) 2000 58% Wet Berries, 11am Start 70% Wet Berries, 11am Start 70% Wet Berries, 7am Start 1500 1000 70% Wet Berries, 7am Start, 1 Dryer 500 -8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-00 00-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 Time (24-hour) 0 Options No. Of Hours Trucks wait No. Of barrels waiting in the truck (bbls) 1 Truck Capacity (bbls) Total truck waiting time (hrs. ) Average Truck waiting time (minutes) % Change in waiting time Cost per hour/per truck/per day Harvest season truck waiting cost (106 days) % Change in peak-season Truck waiting costs 58% Wet Berries -11am Start 12 hours 16000 75 213. 34 53 – $ 100 2,260,980 – 70% Wet Berries -11am Start 15 hours 40600 75 541. 34 135 Reference level $ 100 $ 5,738,204 Reference level 70% Wet Berries -7am Start 7 hours 9500 75 127 32 -76. 3% $ 100 $ 1,346,200 -76. 5% 70% Wet Berries -7am Start, with 1 Dryer 0 hours 0 75 0 0 -100% 75 0 -100% 5000 4500 4000 3500 Berries (bbls) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Start 11am- 70% Wet Berries Start 7am- 70% Wet Berries, 1 Dryer Start 7am- 70% Wet Berries Start 11am- 58% Wet Berries 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 0-21 21-22 22-23 23-00 00-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 Time (24-hour) Savings: 70% Wet 11am Costs/ 70% Wet Berries, Berries, 11am Alternatives    7am Start, 2 shifts start v/s Start, 1 shift 7am start 70% Wet Berries, 7am Start with 1 dryer, 2 shifts Savings: 7am start with 1 Dryer over 7 am start with no dryer Equipment Truck Waiting Labour Total Costs $ 0 $57,38,204 $5,66,645. 71 $63,04,849. 7 1 $ 0 $13,46,200 $5,13,948. 57 $18,60,148. 57 77% 9% 70% $ 60,000. 00 $ 0 $4,99,229. 71 $5,59,229. 71 100% 3% 70% }Start Operations at 7am with 2 work-shifts Truck waiting time reduces to 32min on average and costs by 76. 5% Labour costs decrease by 9% } Invest in One Dryer Truck waiting goes down to zero and thus no truck waiting costs Labour costs reduce a further 3% †¢? Buy the Light Meter System Helps save $ 318,410 in the first season itself } Going forward, invest in increasing the capacity of the Drying system to 1200bbls/hr as proportion of wet berries increases. This will help avoid labour and truck waiting costs

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place Exodus is not only the name of a book in the Old Testament but a momentous event for the Hebrew people- their departure from Egypt. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer as to when it occurred. Was the Exodus Real? Although there can be a chronology within the framework of a fictional story or myth, dating the events is generally impossible. To have a historical date, normally an event must be real; therefore the question must be asked as to whether or not the Exodus actually happened. Some believe the Exodus never took place because there is no physical or literary proof beyond the Bible. Others say all the proof that is needed is in the Bible. While there will always be skeptics, most assume there was some basis in historical/archaeological fact. How Do Archaeologists and Historians Date the Event? Archaeologists and historians, comparing archaeological, historical, and Biblical records, tend to date the Exodus somewhere between the 3d and 2d millennia B.C. Most favor one of three basic time frames: 16th century B.C.15th century B.C.13th century B.C. The main problem with dating the Exodus is that archaeological evidence and Biblical references do not line up. 16th, 15th Century Dating Problems Make the period of the Judges too long (300-400 years long),Involve extensive interaction with kingdoms which only came into existence laterMake no mention of the heavy local influence the Egyptians had in the area of Syria and Palestine 16th, 15th Century Support However, some Biblical evidence supports the 15th-century date, and the expulsion of the Hyksos favors the earlier date. The expulsion of the Hyksos evidence is important because it is the only historically recorded collective exodus from Egypt of people from Asia until the first millennium B.C. Advantages of the 13th Century Date The 13th century date solves the problems of the earlier ones (the period of the Judges would not be too long, there is archaeological evidence of the kingdoms the Hebrews had extensive contact with, and the Egyptians were no longer a major force in the area) and is the date accepted by more archaeologists and historians than the others. With the 13th century dating of the Exodus, settlement of Canaan by the Israelites occurs in the 12th century B.C.

Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England

The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England In Naomi Tadmor’s article, The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth Century England, she discussed what a household family consisted of though the analization of five different books written in the eighteen century. Although she used all five, she concentrated on a personal diary of Thomas Turner, a mid-eighteenth century shopkeeper. Through his writings, she depicted what family life was like. She thought that his diary would be the best example because he speaks of his personal experience on a daily basis. The personal experiences of a real person are always better than those of a character in a novel because the situations are real, and therefore more reliable. Throughout the article, Tadmor explains that the eighteenth century English family was characteristically nuclear, and non-complex. In the early modern period, it was uncharacteristic of an English family to be large and complex. English people often were referring to all types of dependants who lived in their household when they spoke of their families. These dependents usually consisted of spouses, children, servants, apprentices, and co-resident relatives. Tadmor notes that the author of the Dictionary published in 1755, Samuel Johnson, defined the term family as, â€Å"those who live in the same house.† According to Tadmor, household’s dependents were diverse, and most members were not related in a consanguinal manner. She states that, â€Å"when people left households or joined them, as servants, apprentices, wards, or even as long-term guests, their actions were very often understood as familial actions.† Of course there were references to family as being related by blood or through marriage, but there was also a very common concept of family through relationships of authority, and co-residence. A household-family was considered to consist of people who live under the same r... Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England Free Essays on Household-Family In Eighteenth Century England The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England In Naomi Tadmor’s article, The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth Century England, she discussed what a household family consisted of though the analization of five different books written in the eighteen century. Although she used all five, she concentrated on a personal diary of Thomas Turner, a mid-eighteenth century shopkeeper. Through his writings, she depicted what family life was like. She thought that his diary would be the best example because he speaks of his personal experience on a daily basis. The personal experiences of a real person are always better than those of a character in a novel because the situations are real, and therefore more reliable. Throughout the article, Tadmor explains that the eighteenth century English family was characteristically nuclear, and non-complex. In the early modern period, it was uncharacteristic of an English family to be large and complex. English people often were referring to all types of dependants who lived in their household when they spoke of their families. These dependents usually consisted of spouses, children, servants, apprentices, and co-resident relatives. Tadmor notes that the author of the Dictionary published in 1755, Samuel Johnson, defined the term family as, â€Å"those who live in the same house.† According to Tadmor, household’s dependents were diverse, and most members were not related in a consanguinal manner. She states that, â€Å"when people left households or joined them, as servants, apprentices, wards, or even as long-term guests, their actions were very often understood as familial actions.† Of course there were references to family as being related by blood or through marriage, but there was also a very common concept of family through relationships of authority, and co-residence. A household-family was considered to consist of people who live under the same r...

Biography of Cicero †History Essay

Biography of Cicero – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Biography of Cicero History Essay Cicero was born to a non-noble equestrian family in 106 B.C. He started his career as a lawyer, but soon became so widely known because of his fantastic oratory skills that he was eventually elected to consulship. It was a rare occurrence for someone not of the highest social order to earn such a title, and is proof positive of how talented an orator Cicero was. He was an extremely dedicated civil servant and dedicated a great deal of his time to public service. â€Å"Running as a thread through all of Cicero’s writings and speeches is his concern for freedom and order in society†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Unfortunately Cicero lacked support and was not able to accomplish as many political goals as he wished. It was widely known that Cicero distrusted Julius Caesar, and unfortunately for him Caesar was very popular. Cicero’s criticisms of Caesar fell on deaf ears and his political prowess faded as a result. Defeated and no longer a prominent political figure Cicero did not give up. He began to write great works on political theory and moral philosophy. Cicero’s works were extremely respected and still are today. Cicero was very suspicious of those he considered revolutionaries and normally did not approve of changing the status quo. Cicero views often slanted conservative and this is shown in his writing of his last treatise in 44 B.C., On Duties, in which he stresses continuity, order and freedom. One year later in 43 B.C. Cicero died at the age of sixty-three. Research Papers on Biography of Cicero - History EssayQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital Punishment

Critical event analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Critical event analysis - Essay Example From the resemblance alone, I could tell that the boy was their son. They looked around the room in a confused manner and then stared at my mentor and I. We both began to approach the young family. My mentor turned to the parents and began asking questions about why they were there. At that moment, a noisy group of people entered the emergency room and rushed towards us. The young couple did not answer my mentor’s questions, but turned to the group and began to converse loudly in a foreign tongue. My mentor tried to stop the cacophony but was unable to. The hospital’s security guards strode towards the noisy crowd and began to sternly signal for everybody to remain silent. The young couple which was now at the centre of the small crowd suddenly turned to their small boy who had been silently observing everything, and delicately began to remove his sleeve from his hand. My mentor suddenly reared back in shock and stopped their action by grabbing both of their hands. I cr aned my neck to see what had upset her and, to my shock, saw a number of purplish blisters across the boy’s arm which is a characteristic of an iron burn. ... At this point, the parents ran past the security guards and came towards us. I turned to them and began to question them about the incident. They could not speak clear English, and made signs of ironing while pointing at their boy. My mentor asked for the hospital worker who is from the same ethnic background as the boy to be located and brought to assist with communication efforts. What were the consequences of the actions taken for the patient and others involved? Once the worker reached the emergency room, he began to interpret what the boy’s parents were saying as I helped my mentor to apply an antibiotic ointment on the burn. My mentor knelt so as to be on the same level with the boy when asking questions. She asked simple open-ended questions which the boy could reply to with ease. She also used a soft tone of voice so that the child would not be further upset. Then she turned to the parents and indicated for the hospital worker to inform them that the boy would remain f or observation. She also asked for the workers to be informed that this was necessary so that further infection would be prevented, so that the parents would agree to leave the boy in the hospital. In reality, she wanted to ask more questions about the accident. Even though the child remained silent, nodding or shaking his head when questioned, his parents and seeming relatives were still talking in moderate tones outside the door. The revelation that the boy would be admitted brought some protests from a few people, but, in general, others were in agreement with this decision. Reflection How were others feeling, what were the other perceptions involved? I could see that my mentor was deeply disturbed by the

Instructional Strategies for ELL Classrooms Essay - 5

Instructional Strategies for ELL Classrooms - Essay Example Research indicate that giving right instructions makes student grasp fast what is being taught as opposed to giving unstructured instructions. This paper will address instructional strategies that need to be employed by teachers for English Language Learners (ELL) classroom. Sheltered instruction is noted to be a very effective strategy to use in ELL classrooms. Sheltered Instructions refers to the instructional activities that ensure that contents are made available and comprehensible for English language learners. Sheltered instruction exists in a variety of models, one such being the Sheltered Instruction Observation protocol (SIOP). Research indicate that teachers who make use of SIOP in planning for their lesions tend to become more effective in connecting language and contents when giving instructions to ELL. In addition, the use of SIOP makes them feel very much being in charge of their career development resulting in the teacher’s ability to incorporate diverse proficiency levels in the teaching rooms. SIOP has several strategic components useful for planning ELL (Wallace, 2004). The first strategy according to SIOP is that teachers must start by defining the language objectives, which is then shared with the learners (Echevarria, Vogt and Short, 2004). This ensures that teachers and learning become objective oriented. In addition, setting teaching objectives ensures that all contents relevant for the lesion is covered within the stipulated timeframe. It also enables teachers to easily, identify forms, structure and functions that need to be taught and setting attainable targets for the ELL students (Echevarria, Vogt and Short, 2004). Research indicates that teachers who have used language objective strategies in their lesions have helped native English-speaking learners who are finding it hard coping with academic demands of English language. For this to happen,

Jessica;s Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jessica;s Law - Essay Example That is why most states have passed some sort of variation of Jessicas Law in their area. However, there are still some sectors of society that argue that the law will do our children more harm than good in the long run mainly because these sexual offenders more often than not commit their acts on family members thus making the law inapplicable to the children living in the homes of these predators. They claim that Jessicas Law does nothing to protect those children (Simerman, J.). Nothing could be further from the truth, as Jessicas Law mandates that all sexual offenders be forced to register with the state and live a minimum of 2,000 feet of children. Those opposed to the law thinking that the children are not protected in their own homes obviously have the wrong idea as to how the law is applied to the offenders. The 2,000 minimum rule means that the offender would have to live practically out of state and the lifetime electronic tagging means that the police will constantly be able to monitor their movements and prevent another crime from happening to a child. â€Å"... the Proposition would not focus on the real problem—dangerous sex offenders—but would instead waste limited resources tracking persons who pose no risk. The new law would create an expensive tracking system for thousands of registrants who were convicted of minor, nonviolent offenses, perhaps years or decades ago. Law enforcement’s resources should be directed toward high risk individuals living in our neighborhoods. â€Å" The current state of predator laws in some states is so murky that a sexual offender can actually find a way around the registration law and even worse, get around the location tracking by simply not having a permanent address. Even more sickening is the fact that some probation officers even advise these dangerous criminals as to how to get around the law. There are even certain situations wherein the predator

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer Coursework

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer - Coursework Example Whether a boy athlete or a girl, every individual sportsperson enjoys a special relationship with his/her coach depending upon the exposure introduced by the coach to the athlete. This relationship allows the young athlete to explore his coach and understand his behaviours and moods as mutual understanding is essential in order to maintain a healthy coach-athlete association. Talent development is more vital than building sports ability levels. Expert coaches know when to push players and when to reduce the intensity of training and their expectations. However, no real evidence has been established to guide the coach or the athlete on how far they should push a young player towards attaining appropriate level of intensity. Moreover, the tolerance levels and subsequent benefit to individual young players may require individual attention (e.g. physiological and psychological requirements). In this sense coaches tend to be reliant on personal craft knowledge and experience. Moderation of effort and potential 'drop out' may occur if harmony does not exist between coach and player. Some effort should be made to prevent this loss of talent by encouraging the player to gradually return to systematic training. The coach-athlete relationship is based on shared interests in accomplishing a task rather than on a personal or emotional issue. However it is the potential impact of the coach on the child's socialisation, development and progression that leads him towards success. Introduction There is no doubt that Soccer Academy has played a vital role in the development of young talent (Franks et al., 1999) and it would not be wrong to say that the Academy so far hires the leading coaches and trainers for the young athletes. Soccer Academy coaches' and management both appreciates that identifying young talented soccer players at an early stage and exposing talented players to specialised coaching and training accelerates and enhances the talent development process (Williams et al., 1999). The primary objective of the Academy is to groom the players towards success on the playing field. In this sense, success is inextricably linked with sound management, effective coaching, appropriate facilities and support mechanisms and, fundamentally, good quality players. The nature and function of elite youth player development are captured in this essay through highlighting the effectiveness of coach-athlete relationship. More specifically, by drawing on examples of good practice , some fundamental mechanisms and requirements of a successful coach are outlined. The more humanistic concepts of development emphasise a more caring and nurturing environment in which coach and athletes are encouraged to groom in a friendly environment. The elements of the athlete developmental process not only provide opportunities for soccer career, but also facilitate the production of a more intelligent player. The production of an intelligent player can provide 'added value' to an increasingly valuable commodity (e.g. an understanding of lifestyle management, self-awareness, an ability to respond to complex tactics and coach relations) (Richardson, 1999). Although no real evidence exists as to how this added value is realised within individual

Nigel Slacks transformation process model Essay

Nigel Slacks transformation process model - Essay Example However, this was only the first Dimension of the whole project. In fact, a second Dimension follows in which should answer the following question: what the relevant technology could offer to the transformation of resources in the particular firm. More specifically, the business process technology would improve the firm’s resources mainly offering a framework for the increase of their productivity. If such a target could not be achieved by the above procedure then the firm should avoid the transformation of its processes by first instance. On the other hand, the value of the business process technology for the completion of the business transformation process would be examined thoroughly before the implementation of the relevant technology. Finally, the role of business process technology in the whole procession would be evaluated in terms of its importance for the achievement of the targets set by the firm attempting the transformation of its processes.The effectiveness of th e relevant procedure was examined by Slack et al. (2005) with a specific reference to five firms: a fashion clothing retailer, a retail bank, a full-service airline industry, a food company and a company operating in the area of laboratory services. Their research led to the following results: a) the market performance opportunities associated with BPT (business process technology) are far broader than the traditional narrow focus on cost reduction; as a result, any evaluation of BPT must reflect its impact.

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer Coursework

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer - Coursework Example Whether a boy athlete or a girl, every individual sportsperson enjoys a special relationship with his/her coach depending upon the exposure introduced by the coach to the athlete. This relationship allows the young athlete to explore his coach and understand his behaviours and moods as mutual understanding is essential in order to maintain a healthy coach-athlete association. Talent development is more vital than building sports ability levels. Expert coaches know when to push players and when to reduce the intensity of training and their expectations. However, no real evidence has been established to guide the coach or the athlete on how far they should push a young player towards attaining appropriate level of intensity. Moreover, the tolerance levels and subsequent benefit to individual young players may require individual attention (e.g. physiological and psychological requirements). In this sense coaches tend to be reliant on personal craft knowledge and experience. Moderation of effort and potential 'drop out' may occur if harmony does not exist between coach and player. Some effort should be made to prevent this loss of talent by encouraging the player to gradually return to systematic training. The coach-athlete relationship is based on shared interests in accomplishing a task rather than on a personal or emotional issue. However it is the potential impact of the coach on the child's socialisation, development and progression that leads him towards success. Introduction There is no doubt that Soccer Academy has played a vital role in the development of young talent (Franks et al., 1999) and it would not be wrong to say that the Academy so far hires the leading coaches and trainers for the young athletes. Soccer Academy coaches' and management both appreciates that identifying young talented soccer players at an early stage and exposing talented players to specialised coaching and training accelerates and enhances the talent development process (Williams et al., 1999). The primary objective of the Academy is to groom the players towards success on the playing field. In this sense, success is inextricably linked with sound management, effective coaching, appropriate facilities and support mechanisms and, fundamentally, good quality players. The nature and function of elite youth player development are captured in this essay through highlighting the effectiveness of coach-athlete relationship. More specifically, by drawing on examples of good practice , some fundamental mechanisms and requirements of a successful coach are outlined. The more humanistic concepts of development emphasise a more caring and nurturing environment in which coach and athletes are encouraged to groom in a friendly environment. The elements of the athlete developmental process not only provide opportunities for soccer career, but also facilitate the production of a more intelligent player. The production of an intelligent player can provide 'added value' to an increasingly valuable commodity (e.g. an understanding of lifestyle management, self-awareness, an ability to respond to complex tactics and coach relations) (Richardson, 1999). Although no real evidence exists as to how this added value is realised within individual

Information and Communication Technologies Research Paper

Information and Communication Technologies - Research Paper Example Over time customers have become more and more demanding when it comes to quality of food and of fine dining (Gundersen, Heide, & Olsson, 1996). Hoteliers have admitted that there is an increase in competition when it comes to restaurants and the quality of food being provided to the customer. One of the reasons of the increase in competition is the creation of new concepts. Moreover exposure given to chefs and cooking experts by media has significantly raised the expectations of customers (Boone, 2008). Furthermore food served at restaurants in a hotel tends to act as a factor in determining a hotel’s position in the market (Boone, 2008). A guest at a hotel tends to judge the hotel based on the dining experience that he or she has (Gundersen, Heide, & Olsson, 1996). Business objectives and strategies: The business objectives of the restaurant can be divided into two main categories increase revenue generated and cut down unnecessary expenditures of the restaurant. ... The second approach is based on arranging a celebrity night at the restaurant that would help attract a number of customers to the restaurants (Fine, 2010). Contacting celebrities would depend upon the restaurant owner’s PR and his or her network (Fine, 2010). The third approach would be marketing about the restaurant via the internet (Bailey, 2011). Online advertising would be the main tool used for promoting the restaurant over the internet (Janoschka, 2003). Through online marketing the management of the restaurant would be able to get its message across to a large number of potential customers (Janoschka, 2003). Online advertising makes use of social media websites, mobile advertising and display advertising (Janoschka, 2003). To help increase the profit margin a price vibration model would be implemented at the restaurant. The model is based on two basic activities. The first activity is to increase the prices on the menu when the traffic within the restaurant is at its h ighest peak, which is during lunch and dinner time (Schmidgall, Hayes, & Ninemeier, 2002). The second activity is regarding the improvement of the menu. The menu can be improved by removing all those items that are least favorites of the customers. By removing such items from the menu the restaurant would be able to reduce the cost of production and hence helping it increase its overall profit margin. Removing an item from the menu must only be done after a careful analysis (Schmidgall, Hayes, & Ninemeier, 2002). To achieve the third objective of the restaurant, that is to gain customer loyalty, various promotions and rewards would be offered to customers

Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

Corporal Punishment Essay Corporal punishment is a subject that has a lot of emotional opinions for me. The Collins English Dictionary describes corporal punishment as punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. The description of caning, flogging or beating should be enough to indicate that it is not needed for children. Corporal punishment has a tone that is too close to child abuse to be comfortable with any form of it. I suppose the clarity should be to try to define the line between discipline and abuse. Corporal punishment in my mind is abuse, not discipline. Discipline should not leave marks, bruises or cause lasting physical or emotional pain. It should be something that gets the child’s attention and offers correction, but too many parents or adults simply just don’t know where the line is and when they have so clearly crossed it. I realize that psychological marks or bruises maybe difficult to read but I believe that there can be some tell-tale signals that indicate how effective it was in a child’s upbringing or how ineffective it was in the same measure. Corporal punishment in families is a controversial practice in the United States and worldwide. (Zolotor, A. J. , Puzia, M. E. (2010). 229-247) Zolotor indicates that advocates of corporal punishment deem it to be a necessary practice for well-behaved children. He further states that it harms children psychologically and interferes with development. Ask any parent, â€Å"do you spank your children? † and, many will quickly admit that they do. However their definition of spanking and the reality of corporal punishment are often too close to each other to separate discipline from abuse. I grew up in a family that discipline meant instant harsh responses to someone’s disfavor of your actions. In my family, discipline could be dealt out by anyone your senior including aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, older cousins, or just about anybody who would have a reaction to a child being a child and investigating their limitations and curiosities. When I think about whether or not corporal punishment is effective or not, I have to admit that I have a severely tainted view and opinion. It is not easy to see clearly how punishing a child for discipline sake and having hem scream, â€Å"I am scared† when they are about to be disciplined can possibly mean the same thing. As I sit here preparing to provide opinions or belief systems in my life that do not support corporal punishment, I think of the moments in my childhood that I remember most. I remember a sad day in my mother’s life when she, for some reason, asked me what I remember most about my childhood and I said, â€Å"The beatings, mom, I remember the beatings most†. I saw the pain in her eyes and it provided no consolation for me or peace for me. I realized in that moment, I probably hurt my mother emotionally more than she ever hurt me physically. I wasn’t trying to be dramatic or even trying to punish her for the life I led as a child. It was just the truth as it stood that day. I am almost fifty years old and I must admit that I still flinch when I am walking through a door and happen to have a woman walk in at the same time or behind me. My father used to smack the boys in the back of the head if we did not remember our manners and hold the door for women. He would scream some unusable obscenity and tell us to be a man of respect and manners and just about knock us to the ground in the process. The argument might be that it was effective because I will almost break my arm to hold a door open for a woman entering a room or a building regardless of the situation. I just think that chivalry is not dead and just do what is expected of a man who provides appropriate respect to women. Twenty-four countries have passed legislative bans on corporal punishment since the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Coleman, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Campbell, S. (2010). This would seem to be sufficient information to indicate that there is strong evidence to prove that it is not a practice that can be tolerated or supported. If the leadership of twenty-four countries have agreed that this is not a proper way to take care of discipline issues with children, someone must have decided that there was enough evidence that proved children need to be protected from the ignorance of their parents. This statement holds a lot of credence for me because this had to be a subject that drew national and international attention at some time in the recent past. Someone brought up the subject of corporal punishment to the leadership of twenty four countries who all agreed that it was an ineffective form of discipline. I remember when I was a child in school at a small school in Arkansas, the principal, Mrs. Hewey, would have a conversation with my brother and me at least twice a week. The conversation was usually followed by the use of a two and a half foot long board that was about five inches wide and had holes drilled in it. Depending on our offense that day we would see anywhere from one to three good solid swats from that board and I swear that she would lean back all the way into the hallway to get a running start at the swing before it viciously collided with your backside. I don’t think this was really that effective but it usually took less than two days for my brother and me to be right back in her office for another try at that board. The only real problem was that every day we had this interaction, we were sure to get some more when we got home from one parent or the other and possibly both if the offense in school was strong enough. Children whose parents approved of and used corporal punishment were more likely to endorse hitting as a strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts with peers and siblings. (Simons, D. A. , Wurtele, S. K. (2010) Reading this statement alone provides insight on the problems with relationships today. Whether it is factual or just opinion, it would seem that this is reason for other relationship issues that deal with conflict and conflict resolution. It would seem that we could easily expect to hear someone say, â€Å"if he hits you, hit him back† and this would be the fantastic wisdom they provide their children as they also are swift to find reason to administer swift punishment for simply being a child. I was once in a grocery store and overheard an overzealous father telling his son, â€Å"If he hits you again, you hit him back and if you have to do it when he is not watching, but you hit him and hit him again and again. He will certainly leave you alone if you do. † I immediately thought how awful this child’s youth and teenage years were going to be if he followed his father’s misguided advice. I must admit that in hearing just thirty seconds of a conversation, I felt sadness for the boy and disappointment and pity for the father. I thought that someday he is going to be one of those fathers who receives a phone call that says his son is in the hospital or worse because he followed his advice. He will never associate the situation with the advice he gave his son in his most impressionable years. He will just think evil of the people who harmed his son. HE will then respond in the only way he knows how, he will strike back too. Proving again that the discipline he received and the discipline he provided lacked wisdom and only invited sadness and loss in it. According to an article written by Hicks-Pass in 2009 entitled, â€Å"Corporal Punishment in America Today: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? † Hicks-Pass described findings that supported an intergenerational cycle of violence; parents who experienced frequent corporal punishment during childhood perceived its use as acceptable and frequently spanked their children. Basically, this means that whatever environment you are raised in will more than likely become a part of your belief system up to and including your approval of the use of corporal punishment. I have often that the exact opposite about some things as I look back on my youth and early parenthood, I found myself saying, â€Å"As a father, I refuse to repeat this behavior with my children† and worked very hard to recognize the responses in me that would have or could have led to the use of corporal punishment. I am a long way from perfect but there are a lot of ways that I have separated myself from the intergenerational beliefs systems that could have overpowered my desire to be different and in some cases better. Some of the ways that I believe a parent can discipline a child that are far removed from corporal punishment are: a) Communicating with them on their level and at a tone of instruction. Yelling is not allowed. This takes patience recognizing that a child doesn’t understand at the same pace or academic level as an adult. So it is one that requires parents to sit down and talk things out with the child explaining the right and wrong behavior and the expected behavior from the parent’s standpoint and then enforcing the change through limitations. b) Time outs that separate them from the situation completely and give them time to calm down and for the parent to do so as well. My children have a five-minute egg timer that we use when they need some time to stop and regroup. We have a place in their room where they have a chair and the egg timer. Once seated there, they cannot move until the ding of the egg-timer goes â€Å"bing†. Then they have to bring the egg timer and the explanation of the situation. Then as a parent, I explain to them the difference between what is expected and what they were doing and then ask for their confirmation of understanding. With five year olds, this takes patience because their attention span is so much shorter. ) Take aways – When my twins begin to argue about something it is usually because one of them has something the other wants and they both begin to fight for it. It is funny that they do not want it until it is firmly in the grasp of the other twin and then they begin to fight for position or possession. Here I just simply take away whatever it is they are arguing about until they can calm down and realize that it is not appropriate or fair to be jealous of someone else especially when they were doin g something that you had no interest in until they began it. This is usually over the use of the I-Pad, Computer, or some form of their homework or books in their room. Through it all, the idea is simple. If twenty-four countries have made corporal punishment illegal, then it would only make sense that we have to begin to educate those families caught up in the circle of violence that it more often than not follows. We have to also educate them with alternatives and coach them through it as they learn alternatives methods of providing discipline and guidance. I can’t remember how many times, my father was providing his discipline and was saying something like, â€Å"I told you not to do this and you are going to get it even if I have to beat it into you! † The fact is I don’t think I ever really got it and therefore have spent most of my adult life separating myself from it. If we start with ourselves and help educate others, we can make a difference but it will take generations to do so. It will not come quickly enough and many children with suffer the wrath of parents who have become their parents.

The Personal Development Plan Management Essay

The Personal Development Plan Management Essay This report explores ideas about the leadership skills required by a manager to operate efficiency at strategic level. In this report we will describe strategy, its purpose and the strategic skills required of the leader to achieve the strategic ambitions. Introduction:- The personal development plan, in relation to the middle manager are very important, though these enable the managers to identify their training developmental needs, and then it offers the opportunities for the development of the skills, competencies and capabilities of the middle managers, i.e. PDP (Personal Development Plan) facilitates and supports the development of the Personal Development Record of the individual or the middle manager. (Rucchell and Richard, 2002) Strategy: strategy is a term that refers to a complex web of thoughts, ideas, insights, experiences, goals, expertise, memories, perceptions, and expectations that provides general guidance for specific actions in pursuit of particular ends. Far too many companies either have no goals at all, other than cost reduction or their boss hides them in his head. Theres no hope for companies in Britain unless more top managements accept the need for a widely communicated set of clear objectives. (Peter Beek, ex-Chairman, The Strategic Planning Society, 1987) The organization is influenced by the strategic leader, and in the context of an ideally clear vision and direction, the organization draws its resources (employees, managers, plant, supplies, finance, etc.) from a competitive business environment. It has to compete with other firms for labour, supplies, loans etc. And its operates in a network which includes its suppliers and financial backers, with whom one would expect it to have strong and robust relationships. There is one old saying: People learn to managers by managing under the guidance of a good manager. Good strategic leader also need to use knowledge about the skills and the aspects of managing people, activities and themselves that they need to understand. To become a better leader it is necessary to develop skills and knowledge .The leader will be better prepared to do this if they have a general understanding of the process of management. The personal development plan:- The personal development plan, in relation to the middle manager are very important, though these enable the managers to identify their training developmental needs, and then it offers the opportunities for the development of the skills, competencies and capabilities of the middle managers, i.e. PDP (Personal Development Plan) facilitates and supports the development of the PDR (Personal Development Record) of the individual or the middle manager. (Rucchell and Richard, 2002) Bush (2003) reflects that the Personal Development Planning is the structured, systematic and planned process undertaken by the individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement to plan for their personal, educational and career development. Thus it can be said that the main purpose of the Personal Development Plan for the middle manager is to help the middle manager to learn more effectively and efficiently, and to be able to (Mabey and Less, 2007): To learn through a large variety of ways and in the large variety of the contexts Recognize the own learning of the middle managers and then list evidences for the learning of the managers and the progress which they are making through the learning Review, plan, and bear the responsibility by the middle managers for their own learning development of the skills Identify, define and recognize the training, learning development needs of the middle managers Draw upon and use the expanded pool of the personal knowledge by the middle managers in order to achieve the particular career or learning development related goals In the context of the organisation, the purpose and role of the Personal Development Plan is to enable the organisation to identify, plan and recognize the developmental and growth needs, and then adopting the effective strategies and initiatives in order to make the all people or the workforce having the level of learning development up to the required standards. Thus, the personal development plan in order to the organisation is associated with the learning and development of the whole workforce of the organisation, so that it can contribute the maximum for the accomplishment of the strategic and operational objectives of the organisation. (Kellerman, 2010) Leadership: Leadership occurs whenever one persons attempts to influence the behavior of an individual or group, regardless of the reason. Leadership and management are fulltime responsibilities that must be practiced every hour of everyday. The most effective leaders will be people who use their energies to accomplish desired able to use the leadership style appropriate to that situation. Peter f.drucker pointed out that leaders are the basic and scarcest resources of any business enterprise. According to George R.Terry:-leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objective. Acc.to Harold Kountze and Cyrill ODonnell state that-leadership is influencing people to fallow in the achievement of a common good. Leaders must know where they are going if they are to achieve their purpose. Jack Welch, chief executive officer of general electric, stated-the effective leader leads through a vision, a shared set of values, and a shared objective. Role of leader: Leaders need to think about how and to what they can manage the development of the capabilities of their organization. Good leader manage themselves as well as other people. They cannot delegate everything. They have get support, advice and assistance from their staff. Good management necessary for good and successful company. So if the staff members well trained and qualified there are lots of benefits to the company. The role of the well trained and qualified leader in any organization involves the acceptance of many responsibilities. The responsibilities and duties of leader: Leader has the duty of rising an atmosphere that improves the effectiveness of the workers and employment force. This is complete by, cooperation and inspiration with the staff. For this Leaders conduct and work force. This is done by, cooperation and originality among the workers. For this Leaders arrange meetings with staff, listening and addressing the troubles of every section and most important the staff by example. Leaders have the extra duty of chalking out the in service financial plan of a business or company. This refers to manipulative how much money was spend and how much money can be spend for given that the services or goods to consumers. Leaders have even more duties when the entire position of work is not fine in the Company. Dealing with issues like client complaints, delivery delays and worker grievance are element and package of Leaders job. Throughout these situations, Leaders leadership skills are actually tested. Leaders have to make hard, quick and efficient decisions for serving to run the corporation easily and for solving troubles and preventing them from re-surfacing. Leader is a highly answerable and totally essential part, as well as a very commendable location in a company or organization. Leaders objectives are to find out ways by which the company can become more creative. Successful Leaders require having a well-built wisdom of leadership, along with fast and effective investigative abilities. Another significant feature that businesses seem for in Leader is vast communication skills. The leadership skills:- The leadership involves a lot of skills. These include thinking about what the business is setting out to achieve aims and objective. These also include organizing, taking decisions, monitoring and giving direction in order to lead an organization. Management leading the organization and giving direction to employees. It involves the control of all type of resources. Leader need to think about how to communicate with staff to get the best results. Business knowledge is also extremely important. If the leader has good knowledge about the business, they provide advice about what is best for its future. The skills involved can be divided into three areas: Conceptual skills: conceptual skills the is the cognitive capability to notice the business as a entire and the dealings along with its parts. Conceptual skills involve the leaders idea, knowledge processing and development abilities. Conceptual skills are essential by all leaders but are particularly significant for leaders at the top. They must observe major fundamentals in circumstances and broad, intangible patterns. For example he Software Company of Microsoft reflects the conceptual skills of its founder. The company overall business goals clearly stated and effectively communicated. These also help to contributing to Microsofts leadership status and billion dollar revenues. But the advert capability will be narrow. A senior engineering leader who is held up in scientific matters slightly than ideas deliberately will not do well at the top of the company. Many of the duties of top leaders, such as decision making, resource allocation and innovation, need a broad view. Human skills:- Human skills are the leaders capability to work with and throughout other individuals and to work efficiently as a team members. This skills is established in the way a leader relate to other workers, including the capability to motivate, make possible, organize, direct, communicate them without fear of ridicule and encourages contribution. The leader with human skills likes other individuals and is liked by them. EBay CEO Meg Whiteman believes her mainly significant involvement to the organization is creating a work values and culture to facilitate is fun, open, and trusting. Human skills also important at all levels, and for that person who work with workers directly on a daily basis. Organizations commonly misplace good workers because of front-line bosses who fail to show respect and concern for workers. (Sue Shellenbe 2000) Technical skills:- Technical skills are accepting of and ability in the act of specific tasks. Technical skills include mastery of the methods, techniques and tools concerned in definite functions such as manufacturing, mechanized or finance. Technical skill also includes specialized information, logical capability and the knowledgeable use of tools and techniques to solve difficulties in that specific regulation. Organization has to stay on their toes and use all their skills and competencies to benefits the organization and its stakeholder-employers, customers, investors, the community and so forth. According to Edward Elgar There is music in the air, music all around us, said composer.The tune heard most often by todays leaders may be the constant ring of a cell phone tying them to the organization .leaders can become a leader who set the pace for an organization and lead people in a different kind of performance. Leaders also find the off-key notes, bring people together and inspire them to act in ways that accomplish the organizations vision. Understanding people, communicating, building team work and inspiring others are the essentials of effective organizational leadership. By developing leadership skills in understanding human behaviour, communication, teamwork and motivation, leaders can boost an organizations chance of hitting all the right notes. The benefits of well trained and qualified leaders are: Make clear objectives and plan Organize work Command the people under them by giving instructions Co-ordinate the resources such as money,people,time for which they are responsible Control activities and people by measuring and correcting them to enable performance to fit the plans. The leadership strategy:- The leadership strategy should concentrate on what line leaders have to do as leaders in order to play their vital and immediate part in increasing levels of engagement. This will include the implementation of learning programmers that help them to understand how they are expected to act and skills they need to use. The strategy should therefore include the steps required to make performance management more effective by increasing the commitment of leaders to it and developing the skills they require. Opportunities for personal growth:- A strategy for providing development and growth opportunities should be based on the creation of learning because it is recognized by top management, line leaders and employees generally as an essential organizational process to which they are committed and in which they engage continuously. (Reynolds, 2004: 21) the strategy defines the steps required to ensure that people have the opportunity and are given the encouragement to learn and grow in their roles. Opportunities to contribute:- Creating a work environment that gives people a voice by encouraging them to have their say, and emphasizes as a core value of the organization that management at all levels must be prepared to listen and respond any contributions their people make. Organization development strategy:- Organization development strategy is based on the aspiration to improve organizational capability, which is broadly the capacity of an organization to function effectively in order to achieve desired results. The process of integrated strategic changes as conceived by Worley et al (1996) can be used to formulate and implement organization development strategies. Impact of encouraging the team welfare on achievement of the objectives: The team welfare is associated with the welfare of the members of the team. The welfare of the team means the respect, mutual trust, co-operation coordination, and congruence between the team members, which enables the team to accomplish the desired team objectives. The team members when having the effective transfer of the knowledge and communication in between each other practice their tasks with the level of cooperation and congruence, develops the environment for the team favourable, and hence, then the accomplishment of the strategic objectives of the business are well supported with the desired team performance results. (Thornton, 2003) Employee effectiveness Employees make a major contribution towards the achievements and goals of an organization. Involvement of employees in the decisions of an organization is not its goal but it is important to manage employees so as to make sure that they contribute in an expected manner. There are various ways that help in improvement of employees contribution in decision making like suggestion systems, continuous meetings, discussions and events and taking corrective action when required. The most significant method to do this is to recognize the efforts of the employees and reward them for those efforts, this motivates them to work hard as he is being praised and recognized for his work. It is impossible that each and every employee of an organization takes part in all the decisions. A change is required in the organization to try and improve employees contribution. Change management is a key to increase employees involvement in decision making. This process involves a few steps Create such a plan which leads in involvement of maximum people. In change management, only a small number of employees have access to important information about change. If only these people make plans of change management, the other employees wont get the time to think about and adopt new ideas. Although it is no possible to involve employees in the change decision of an organization, but they can be involved in the meaningful decisions regarding their work. Measurement systems should be brought in the organization which helps the employees to know about their work. Employees should be recognized and rewarded for their extra ordinary work. Organisational Behaviour Decision Making Decision making in organisation behaviour is very vital and it is one of the most important function for any organisation. Decision making is a process of choosing alternative course of action from different alternatives available and it should be kept in mind that the decision made should be effective and efficient for the organisation. According to the Herbert A.simon decision making involve three steps which are mentioned below. Identifying the problem- This step includes the identification of the problem that the organization is facing Identify and examine the different alternatives available to solve the problem. At last when the problem is identified and the various options are available then the organization decides which alternative to choose and that alternative should be effective for the organization. Conclusion:-Being good strategic leaders has knowledge all those skills, they putting them together and gaining the best possible results. The skills are not just for use by leaders-they can be used by everyone to improve their chances of success, in whichever type of organization they work. Leaders spend about 80 per cent of their time working with and through other people, assisting their organizations to reach organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Developing interpersonal networks and believing in abilities of subordinates are all ways in which leaders can become more effective leaders. Perhaps the simples and best advice is that: Good leaders sleep well at night-because they have clear consciences after the decisions of each working day.

The Clarification Project :: essays research papers

I read two articles that were very contrasting on the ideas of Greek letter societies, better known as Greek Life. The first article was titled, â€Å"University Announces Ban on Fraternities and Sororities† from the Metropolitan Desk, and the second was titled, â€Å"For Some Women at Harvard, Greek Is a Scream† from the Style Desk. One was about banning Greek Life, and the other about how Greek Life can be a positive for social life at Harvard University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"University Announces Ban on Fraternities and Sororities,† Alfred University argued that deaths, drinking problems, and low grades all resulted from Greek housing. To better the learning environment at the school, trustees of the school voted to ban fraternities and sororities. They think that this change won’t have much affect on the campus since Greek interest has gone down 30% from the 1960’s. I think this decision to take away fraternities and sororities is not going to solve anything. People coming to college are forced into a new environment. They are learning about themselves, and sometimes they turn to alcohol to help them cope with the changes. With or without fraternities, they would party and get bad grades as a result of the drinking. Taking away fraternities doesn’t do any good, because the students will revolt by making secret clubs which will be much worst since the university has no control over these. So my ques tions are, now that they have banned Greek letter societies, has the school noticed a change? And is this change good or bad? And has there been any secret underground societies been made as a result of this change?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The argument to this side comes from â€Å"For Some Women at Harvard, Greek Is a Scream.† At Harvard University, they are finding that women are joining sororities more for social reasons. But the social agendas do not include going to bars or partying, instead, they consist of kickball tournaments, pajama parties, apple-picking trips, or outings to Finagle a Bagel and Au Bon Pain. And these sororities aren’t about leaving people out, but instead focus on welcoming women who want to join to be a part of them. The actual funny part is, that while the sororities are strive to be charitable and positive, there are groups that offer the party and exclusive side that normally comes to mind when describing sororities. These groups are the women-only private clubs.

Graduation Speech: Prime Time :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The age of reality TV has arrived. There's a different show on every night of the week. And I hate to admit it, but once you get started on a series, it becomes pretty addictive. They should have a disclaimer when they roll the credits or something. Now don't deny it, I know you've all fallen into the trap, too. You promise yourself you're only going to watch for ten minutes to see what all the craze is about, and 45 minutes later you're still watching, but wondering why you just wasted your time. That happened to me when "Married By America" came out. I honestly think that was one of the worst reality shows yet! I didn't watch it religiously, but there were a few episodes that I got suckered into. So which show is your favorite? Let's take a look at our TV Guide. ... It's Monday night. You just got home from practice and finished dinner. It's 8:00, so... naturally you turn on the TV to channel 5, because it's time for "Fear Factor." We all could have been on an episode of "Fear Factor." Four years ago we entered these halls as fearful freshmen. What were we afraid of? The typical rumors: getting stuffed in a trash can or taped to the flagpole, or maybe getting lost in this huge campus, which we could now find our way around blindfolded. From watching "Fear Factor," we've learned that eating maggots and sheep eyeballs on a pizza won't kill you. Apparently, living off of cafeteria food for four years won't kill you either. We've been fearful of finals and failing our CE's, but we made it. All of us here tonight have conquered those fears. Hey, we may not walk away with $50,000, but hopefully a diploma will get us where we want to go. So it's Tuesday night and you just finished your homework. You need to relax, so you flip the TV on to channel 13 just in time to catch "American Idol." You listen to the music and wait for your favorite budding rock star to perform. When the show is over, you cast your vote along with 24 million other Americans who want their own voice to be heard. Now there's a lesson here for all of us, Grads. It would seem that the American population gets more excited about voting after watching an hour of "American Idol" than they do about voting for President.

The real ‘cost’ of tourism is its impact on tourist recipient sites and regions

The real ‘cost' of tourism is its impact on tourist recipient sites and regions. Using quantitative data, measure the costs and benefits of tourism on a site or destination of your choice, evaluating that cost in economic, social and environmental terms. Give examples and describe from your own knowledge tourist sites that have paid a price in social and cultural disruption, or in environmental pollution. In the light of your findings, address the question of whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development. Tourism has become one of the key industries in affecting the state of the world economy, and is being adopted by many struggling countries as a tool for national development. By studying the costs and benefits of tourism on concerned countries, it is feasible to analyse its success as a strategy of development. As tourism is a relatively new industry and is growing so fast, the literature on the subject is continually expanding as more studies are carried out. The aim for this piece of work therefore, is to investigate the real ‘cost' of tourism on Jamaica. Studies into the subject and the country will be examined, extracting the costs and the benefits in economic, social and environmental terms. The data will then be analysed in a suitable way and compared to alternative methods so as to determine if tourism is an appropriate agent for national development in Jamaica. It is very important to establish a few definitions before continuing with the essay, so that the eventual aim can be measured. Firstly, what we understand by the word tourism. Basically, it means a temporary and voluntary movement of people to a destination of their choice for the fundamental purpose of pleasure. The duration can range from a few days to a whole year. Facts in 2000 showed that there were 700 million travellers per year, 62% of which was solely for leisure. Its importance for national economies is illustrated by the fact that for 83% of countries tourism is one of the five top export categories and the main one for 38% of them. 11 Finally, a more in depth consideration is necessary to determine the, â€Å"most slippery concept of all,† (Lea, 1988) that is the notion of development. The focus of this work is, ‘whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development', thus it is essential to define development in order to establish whether the country is successful in achieving this developed state that it is striving for. Since the term ‘development' contains within it factors to a social, political and economic extent, it is impossible for one word to define absolutely the developmental condition of a country. The conceptual meaning of development has been re-defined for over a century and there is still no clear definition to it. It has progressed from being more environmental determined in the nineteenth century, to the theories of modernisation which were considered more important in the mid-twentieth century. The idea behind this was that the basis of development was to catch up with and copy the Western world. Karl Marx was a German philosopher and some of his theories have shaped the idea of development. He felt there was a strain in all societies because the social organization never kept pace with the development of the means of production. The thought was that as result of the capitalist system, there was a concentration and centralisation of capital and therefore an uneven development in the world. These ideas shaped the views on development during the 1960's. However, Andre Gunder Frank expanded this in his ‘Theory of Third World Dependency'. He felt that under-developed countries would only progress if they â€Å"disconnected from the global economy and pursued their own national strategies of import-substitution†. Advancement continued in the 1970's, with the previous theories being, â€Å"refined, revised and in many cases rejected,† (Corbridge, 1991). The World Development Report (1991) defines development as, â€Å"†¦a sustainable increase in living standards that encompass material consumption, education, health and environmental protection.† (p. 31). As you can see, it is currently being considered in a much broader sense. Other aspects also tend to be included, such as, â€Å"†¦more equality of opportunity, political freedom and civil liberties. The overall goal of development is therefore to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries.† (World Development Report, 1991, p.31) In short, the more recent definitions have less of a focus and encompass a wider range of social and environmental criteria, as well as economic. As a result, in order to determine whether Jamaica is progressing we will assume they strive to develop economically, socially and environmentally. So an ideal next step is to look at the impacts of tourism in those three terms. However, before that is done it is essential to create a better understanding of Jamaica itself as a country and as a tourist destination. Jamaica is an island, located in the northern Caribbean, approximately 145km south of Cuba and 160km west of Haiti, with a population of about 2.7 million people with Kingston as the capital and largest city. Most visitors head for the north coast, where the best beaches and hotels can be found. This is where the busy, lively resorts are, and the cruise ports of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. There is also the tranquil, and much less touristy, Port Antonio, set amid some of the island's loveliest scenery and beaches. However, to find the most stunning beach you must head west to Negrill for one of the most relaxed resorts. The south on the other hand has a very different atmosphere and is scarcely touched by tourism as yet. The east is where the capital Kingston is found, a sprawling, noisy and dusty city with an impressive harbour set against a backdrop of mountains. The Jamaicans themselves, on the whole, are very proud of their island and so often help to make tourists enjoy it too. Are they right to be proud? We now look at how the Jamaican environment is affected by tourism both positively and negatively. â€Å"Balancing Jamaica's ecology and tourism is a precarious dance to an insistent reggae beat. Tourism generates even more foreign exchange for the country than the bauxite industry, creating jobs and a chance for a brighter future. But with tourism comes development, bringing pressures to local people and their environment.† (Wilson 1999)2 A great quote for illustrating the two sides that comes with tourism. The pressure on the environment and people can become a very large problem. Reports have indicated that the natural resource bases that support the island's tourism trade is heavily stressed around the three main tourist centers. The reports identify the following principal sources of environmental degradation: (a) inadequate sewage treatment and disposal facilities is causing deteriorating water quality and reef damage; (b) storm water discharge is transporting silt and pollutant into coastal waters; (c) shore line construction, dredging and reef damage have caused beach erosion; (d) deforestation due to inland agriculture and timber cutting is aggravating flood damage and siltation; and (e) coastal development is contributing to the destruction of the wetlands, important as fish nurseries and wildlife habitat and as buffers against water pollution and coastal erosion. This clearly demonstrates the widespread impacts of tourism. â€Å"The increasing number of tourists, with extremely high consumption habits, places a disproportionate strain on the local infrastructure.† This explains why country's struggle with the increased demand which can often be seasonal and so suddenly hit them during the holiday periods. Studies indicate that the average tourist ingests ten times as much water and produces three times as much solid waste as the average resident.3 Yet another large factor in the gradual deterioration of the environment. Although tourism does create jobs and opportunities for locals, which we will look at in more detail later, there is not enough housing for them all. This leads to squatter settlements lacking in basic infrastructure and frequently situated in environmentally vulnerable locations, which again strongly reflects a negative side of the ecology. Continuing with the same theme, the steady increase in hotel construction has led to the destruction of the Dune barrier along the sea shore. Several years ago Jamaica's beaches were lined by dunes of sand covered with vegetation. With this barrier no longer there, due to the increased stress of tourism, erosion of beaches has been vastly accelerated. Environmental statistics provided by the â€Å"Statistical Institute of Jamaica† can provide us with a clearer understanding of the environmental impacts of tourism. Figures on land use in 1989 and 1998 can be misleading and also suggest that less land is being used more recently. This depends on how you look at the results and there can be a number of reasons to explain this. Data on the use of built up land indicates that 8kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ more land was used in 1989. If tourism is having a large impact on the environment you would expect more to being used in 1998. However, this difference may be due to a lot of previously useful land being turned into wasteland as a result of tourists, and so it can't even be built on. In support of this, the figures for land use for buildings are larger in 1998 but by just 4km. The stats on petroleum consumption do indicate that there is an increase in tourism and therefore consumption of materials. It shows that from 1991 to 1999 the average annual growth is 3.3%. With more and more petrol being used it is safe to assume that it is having a negative impact on the environment. The imports of ozone depleting substances from 1995-1999, are also very interesting and show a very significant increase: (Source: Statin, External Trade; NRCA) Although the facts are not necessarily contributed to tourism, it is fair to say that it has a large say in this dramatic increase. Especially with CFC's as these are found in aerosol cans etc. and the increase in tourists could be a large factor due to their consumption of such products. Also, Methyl Bromide is used to control crops so the lack of increase here could be because more plants are being destroyed. Another side to the ecology not yet looked at is the potential decline in biodiversity. This involves the plants and animals that inhabit Jamaica. A 20-year study by scientists showed that habitat destruction and introduction on non-native species have caused approximately 12.5 percent of the world's plants to now be so rare, they could easily disappear.4 Jamaica is faced with threats to its flora as well as fauna, where the percentage of threatened plants reaches 20 to 40. In order to be considered as â€Å"threatened†, a species must have reached the point at which there were fewer than 10,000 individuals worldwide, or fewer than 100 locations where it could be found. Jamaica is also attributed with highest local deforestation speed, a fact that would contradict the statistics seen earlier.5 However, as previously mentioned those stats are ambiguous as they say â€Å"forest use† but not what it's used for. It could be used as a forest or, in a completely opposite way, to build on. So is the environmental impact of tourism on Jamaica all bad? Not really. The extra finance brought in by tourists, which will be seen in more detail in the economical part later, can be used to help preserve and restore local attractions. Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people in to closer contact with nature and the environment. Also if a country, like Jamaica finds that a certain site is found particularly attractive by tourists then it will be in there interest to ensure it's beauty is preserved in order to maximise profit from it. Although the above named advantages are possible for Jamaica, unfortunately it is not always looked on by the government in this way. There were very few examples found where Jamaica was looking to significantly improve their environment as a result of tourism. Despite the fact that the surroundings are clearly being destroyed the emphasis, as I think will come out even more lately, is that Jamaica are willing to sacrifice the environment in an attempt to maximise their income. But is this an appropriate strategy? Do the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages? In an attempt to answer those questions it is essential to look at what tourism brings to the economy. The Jamaican GDP was measured at about J$5,034 million during 2002, and stats on visitor stays indicate a total expenditure of J$1,000 million through tourism. This suggests that the tourism industry accounted for about 20% of Jamaica's GDP in 2002. This is a substantial increase from 10 years previous when tourism accounted for just 13.3%,6 but it is still recovering after the impact of the September 11th, 2001 happenings in USA. Before the events in USA, tourism was highly influential in the success of the Jamaican economy but it suffered a decrease as people became more concerned about travelling. It is only now that the industry is starting to re-develop, and it is again becoming one of the most influential industries amongst insurance services and the manufacturing business. Tourism is clearly a huge industry with immense potential for any country to use as a tool for national development, particularly economic development. Unfortunately, the richer countries seem more able to benefit than the poorer ones, which can lead to a larger gap building between them. Although the following figures are slightly dated they help indicate the state of the Jamaican economy and we can infer its current state from these after knowing it has since grown after the large blip due to September 11th. Jamaica ranks twelfth in the Americas region in tourist arrivals and ninth in terms of tourism receipts. With 18,500 rooms at the end of 1992, it ranked second after the Dominican Republic, among the 32 small island nations that comprise the Caribbean, in terms of the size of the accommodation industry.7 The Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB) statistics show that in 1992 there were a total of 909,010 stopover visitors, 649,517 cruise passengers and 148,173 non-resident Jamaicans who visited the island. Of more recent figures on which to compare these too, in 2002 there were 865,419 cruise passengers and 87,283 non-resident Jamaican visits. So in 10 years a quite substantial increase in cruise passengers but a drop in amount of non-resident Jamaicans. Cruises are directly linked to tourism and are a good indicator of whether or not it is increasing in terms of more money coming in. Also, in 1992 the total average spent by a cruise passenger was US$52.8 So assuming that has not changed Jamaica is apparently bringing in an extra US$11,226,904 then it was 10 years ago. Obviously, that is a very simplistic way of looking at it and there are many other costs involved, however it helps provide an indication. A further indication of the sort of revenue generated through tourism is demonstrated in the following table: Direct Government Revenues From Tourism Sector 1992 (in J$ Millions) Source Value GCT 690.5 Airport Tax 211.6 Cruise Passenger Tax 119.4 Commodity Taxes 245.5 Indirect Taxes 90.0 PAYE 432.1 Total Direct Revenues 1789.1 (Source: Jamaican Tourist Board) Total direct revenue of 1,789,100 is a fairly significant figure especially for 1992 when we take into account this market has grown since. This is only considering the direct government revenues and suggests that tourism provides a very healthy profit for the country. Therefore, could potentially be a good tool for national development. In terms of tourism providing employment the figures in 1992 show that a total of 71,710 persons were employed by the Jamaican Tourism Industry, which amounted to about 8% of the total employed labour force. Tourists are always interested in souvenirs; this again provides jobs for locals and money for the community. However, the souvenirs have to be made out of something and can possibly cause a strain on materials within the environment. The findings so far on economic impacts of tourism indicate that it could be a very profitable industry for a country like Jamaica. However, we have already seen the vast amounts of negative impacts tourism can have on the environment. Can it too have negative impacts economically? Unfortunately for Jamaica and other third world countries the answer is yes. Leakages can have a very significant impact on the amount of money the recipient sites actually receive and can often be the reason why the third world countries are not as well off as they should be. The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakages. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travellers' expenditure goes to the airlines, hotels and other international companies and not to local businesses or workers.9 Leakages can occur in two main ways; import leakage and export leakage. An import leakage occurs when tourists demand a standard of products and services beyond which the host country can supply. Therefore, the country must import the product and so money leaves the host country to pay for such items. An export leakage occurs when large companies from more developed countries control hotels and tourist sites in Jamaica, for example, and bring the profits back to them. These larger companies have the finance, unlike local businesses, and can therefore dictate foreign sites. â€Å"In Fiji, for example, the leakage is more like a haemorrhage-with only 45 per cent of the tourist revenue actually staying in the country.† (Stalker 1998) This quote goes along way to summing up the extent to which these leakages contribute to the downfall of third world countries. Enclave tourism is another reason why countries like Jamaica do not receive the revenue they appear they should. When tourists go on all-inclusive holidays they may often stay in one place, e.g. a hotel or cruise ship, which can provide them with all they need. If so, the local shops and restaurants do not benefit from them as they do not come in contact with them. It could be said the tourists are getting and not giving in terms of they are admiring the beautiful weather and scenery without putting money back in to the local economy. Surveys show that such all-inclusive deals can have a very negative effect on the economy for a number of reasons. As they are often owned by companies in more developed countries, less money goes into local businesses. It has been found such deals generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors'. It is also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. 10So again, further indication of a lose-lose situation for Jamaica, as there materials are being used with minimal in the way of revenue coming back in. It was mentioned earlier that tourism can help to provide job opportunities for locals. However, Gray (1974) sees tourism's use of a large proportion of unskilled labour as only a temporary phase in the development of the industry-as tourism grows, it may become more reliant on higher skilled labour, which will inherently mean training those available, or more commonly importing them from elsewhere. If the latter is the case then unemployment within the country will increase, so more people will be claiming benefits, which has a detrimental effect on the economy. In addition, the seasonal nature of tourist employment demands adequate earning and budgeting to ensure survival through low season. Myrdal's Model of Circular and Cumulative Causation (1957)11 explains economic development within a country as a natural process. He states that as an industry develops it experiences multiplier effects of improved linkages, communications, infrastructure and services, causing the developing zone to prosper. He also mentions the â€Å"backwash† disadvantage of the negative impact on the environment. In terms of Jamaica, it may be that as a result of tourism links such as infrastructure have advanced but maybe not necessarily improved. The increase in hotels and restaurants could appear as development but as we have seen the effect on the ecology is massive. The third way to analyse the impact of tourism is in terms of social impacts. â€Å"The social and cultural impacts are they way in which tourism alters behaviour, value systems, family, relationships, lifestyles and community organizations† (Mathieson & Wall, 1982).12 Tourism can be potentially beneficial to the tourist socially as it broadens their interests, triggering an improved understanding of the unknown and the cultures and lifestyles of others. â€Å"When a country opens doors to international tourism, its traditions (however marketable) are going to be changed, if not threatened.† (Harrison, 1992) This quote shows how when a country chooses tourism as a tool for national development they are confining the lives of their residents to be strongly influenced. This can be in a number of ways and traits from the Third World can be brought across. These may include crime, prostitution and gambling. A potential advantage often mentioned is the introduction of technology and more advanced thinking from the Third World. A thought one may question, as it is debatable whether the new technology is beneficial or does it just make the tourist site more similar to our own surroundings but set in a different place. As you can see most of the findings from research into the social impacts of tourism again suggest a detrimental effect. Although, there was limited data related to just Jamaica. It is clear tourism is a massive factor in the lifestyle of residents, as it can change their work patterns and deteriorate their living surroundings. This essay has focused just on the impacts of tourism on Jamaica, but this clearly goes on throughout the world, with different destinations being affected in different ways. These can be seen by looking at a few brief examples of how other tourist sites are impacted. In winter 2000, 76,271 people entered Yellowstone National Park on snowmobiles, outnumbering the 40,727 visitors who came in cars, 10,779 in snowcoaches and 512 on skis. A survey of snowmobile impacts on natural sounds at Yellowstone found that snowmobile noise could be heard 70% of the time at 11 of 13 sample sites, and 90% of the time at 8 sites. At the Old Faithful geyser, snowmobiles could be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period studied. Snowmobile noise drowned out even the sound of the geyser erupting. (Source: Idahonews) The Wider Caribbean Region, stretching from Florida to French Guiana, receives 63,000 port calls from ships each year, and they generate 82,000 tons of garbage. About 77% of all ship waste comes from cruise vessels. The average cruise ship carries 600 crew members and 1,400 passengers. On average, passengers on a cruise ship each account for 3.5 kilograms of garbage daily – compared with the 0.8 kilograms each generated by the less well-endowed folk on shore. (Source: Our Planet, UNEP magazine for environmentally sustainable development, volume 10, no. 3, 1999) Both the above findings demonstrate further the dramatic impact of tourism. So all this leaves is to address the question of whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development? A key to answering this question is the definition of national development, as investigated earlier. If you consider the earliest definitions, which basically suggest that Third World Countries strive towards being similar to the Western World, then I believe that tourism is an appropriate tool for development. It is a guaranteed way of becoming more like the Western World in terms of technology and infrastructure. However, I also believe that this is not the best definition and that the latter ones are more valid. The World Development Report suggested the overall goal was to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries. So if this is taken as the basis when answering the question, then my answer would be different. Tourism clearly does not go along way to increasing the political and civil rights of the Jamaica residents for example. Tourism brings in â€Å"intruders† from other countries who intrude on their lives and remove a significant amount of identification the citizens may have. The government have to make the choice of whether they are willing to sacrifice the well being of their residents and state of their environment in order to maximise the profits from the industry. Unfortunately, this is often the case as the country need their economy to be strong, and there is no doubt that tourism has massive potential of bringing in revenue. The only other consideration the government should have would be to use the money to improve industries within their own country and work on trade as an alternative. The potential revenue may not be as high but I believe it is safe to say that the disadvantages would be hugely less. In conclusion, of the theorists mentioned earlier I would agree with Andre Gunder Frank, as I believe if countries like Jamaica want to succeed they should disconnect from the global economy and pursue their own national strategies of import-substitution.